Accelerating the transition toward low or net-zero carbon emissions is necessary to keep global warming at theoretically safe levels. That will likely bring price shocks associated with rising metal prices, energy costs, and carbon taxes – what has been called “greenflation”. Greening the economy will also require public spending and redistributive policies.
The decade after the Great Financial Crisis of 2007–09 brought significant changes in the volume and composition of capital flows in the global economy. Portfolio investments and other non-bank financial intermediaries are responsible for an increasing share of foreign capital flows, while banking flows have shrunk in relative terms. This paper considers the implications of such a metamorphosis of finance for capital flows to emerging market economies (EMEs). After examining capital flows from the global financial crisis to the 2020-21 pandemic crisis, we analyze the extent to which a normalization of monetary policies in advanced economies may lead to shocks in those flows, as well as why exchange rate fluctuations between the U.S. dollar and other major currencies can affect capital flows to EMEs. Finally, we assess the range of policy instruments that EME policymakers tend to resort to manage risks derived from capital-flow volatility.
Preços elevados de metais, taxas sobre o carbono e obsolescência acelerada do capital associado a combustíveis fósseis são pedágios na rota da descarbonização. Levando-se em conta que a descarbonização evitará que ondas de calor, enchentes, furacões, secas, inundações e temporais como os deste ano se tornem ainda mais intensos e frequentes, valerá a pena pagar tais pedágios.
Em graus distintos entre os países, a subida nas taxas de inflação tem refletido uma recuperação inesperadamente forte da demanda, particularmente no caso das economias avançadas que puderam recorrer a programas fiscais generosos de suporte a famílias e empresas, em um contexto de restrições no acesso a bens e insumos energéticos baratos. Quanto à demanda agregada estar já excessiva, as opiniões se dividem entre os times da inflação "transitória" e da "permanente".
A aceleração de preços é global. Mas aqui ela não apenas alcança taxas mais elevadas como tem motores específicos. Com a ajuda de dois estudiosos do tema, este episódio…
CGTN's Elaine Reyes speaks with Otaviano Canuto, a senior fellow in the global economy and development program at the Brookings Institution, about the current disruptions to the global supply chain, and how the fourth China International Import Expo seeks to address the crisis.
Vaccination campaigns and fiscal support have sparked an economic rebound since the second half of last year, despite an apparent loss of momentum in the third quarter of this year. Even up to this point, the region’s recovery has been uneven and the future looks uncertain. Latin America is caught between two major global forces that threaten the region’s growth. Limited policy space and social pressures exacerbate political risks, but rolling back spending means relying heavily on the private sector to drive recovery.
Scarcity of inputs and goods has been felt all over the world because of disruptions to global value chains since the beginning of the pandemic. Higher inflation has been a global phenomenon, even if with different intensities and multiple determinants. A mismatch between demand and supply can also be found in the energy price shocks. The running of supply chains in the U.S. has also been affected by an unexpected shrinkage in the workforce because of acceleration in retirements caused by the pandemic. The Fed's ‘wait-and-see attitude’—moving on to the tapering this year and likely small rises at the end of next year—is opposed by those who think the Fed is already behind.
Fechamento de fábricas na China no começo do ano passado, confinamentos em muitos países e, em seguida, congestionamentos em redes logísticas de transporte de bens, restrições de capacidade diante de súbitos aumentos de demanda e escassez de mão de obra vêm afetando negativamente a disponibilidade de insumos e produtos no mundo inteiro.. O fato é que o cenário inflacionário começou a mudar com a perspectiva de que as rupturas nas cadeias de valor levarão algum tempo até ser consertadas, tomando no mínimo até a primeira metade de 2022.
Divergent recoveries are leaving “lasting imprints”, with emerging and developing economies suffering deeper medium-term damage than advanced countries, on average. Most countries are now forecast to have lower GDP in 2024 than projected in January 2020 before the pandemic. This is different from crises associated with industrial or financial cycles common in history because, in those cases, in general, some period of above normal or trend growth will have occurred previously. In the pandemic there has been only the loss side.
O FMI se referiu a “marcas duradouras” deixadas no curso das recuperações divergentes, com economias emergentes e em desenvolvimento apresentando no médio prazo danos mais profundos que a média entre países avançados. Há que se distinguir, de um lado, a perda permanente de PIB derivada da pandemia e, de outro, as consequências desta sobre sua futura trajetória. Crises associadas a ciclos industriais e financeiros sucedem períodos de crescimento; na pandemia, só há o lado da perda
The COVID-19 pandemic brought a halt to the expansion of Latin America’s middle class and pushed millions back into poverty. Reversing this pattern requires addressing the region’s vulnerability to economic shocks and strengthening countries’ resilience.
Uma das especialidades de Canuto foi o estudo acerca do desenvolvimento social e econômico. Questões como “como vencer a armadilha da renda média” sempre receberam grande atenção sua. Recentemente, passou a dar atenção ao desafio econômico global da transição para a economia de zero carbono. E foi sobre esse tema que ele conversou com a Convergência pelo Brasil.
In order to close the financing gap in green technologies, finding new mechanisms to enhance the participation of the private sector, combined with that of the public sector, in financing sustainable and climate-resilient infrastructure is a must. In this context, some unlisted instruments are going to be needed to enhance financing of green infrastructures. Besides, the development of properly structured projects, with risks and returns in line with the preferences of the different types of investors and financial agents that make up the ecosystem of financing sources, would also help to close the private financing gap in infrastructure.
Moral da história para economias emergentes: conta de capitais? Olhe para o Fed. Conta corrente, ou seja, comércio exterior e preços de commodities? Olhe para a China, focando em Evergrande por enquanto.